{"id":1398,"date":"2025-12-11T09:35:06","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T09:35:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/?p=1398"},"modified":"2025-12-11T09:43:05","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T09:43:05","slug":"evolution-theory-vs-adam-eve-theory-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/evolution-theory-vs-adam-eve-theory-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution Theory vs. Adam-Eve Theory 2"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Let us find answers to a few questions:<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n

1. The fossil record identifies hominids, human-like creatures that lived hundreds of thousands to millions of years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Are the human-like hominids found in the fossil record descendants of Adam?<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Were there other intelligent races living on Earth before Adam? Did new species emerge through the replacement of Hominid animals from Adam?<\/span><\/p>\n

4. What is the difference between Bani Adam and other Hominids?<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Milestones in human history: The development of civilization, agriculture, and metallurgy, etc., was achieved through the descendants of Adam, not through other species.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6. So is the theory of evolution true?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

1. The fossil record identifies hominids, animals that look like humans and lived hundreds of thousands of years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the conventional interpretation of biology and evolutionary theory, humans and other animals did not suddenly emerge one day; rather, simple organisms gradually transformed into complex organisms through gradual changes over billions of years. This long process is called\u00a0<\/span>evolution<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. The first organisms originated in aquatic environments, as single-celled organisms. Later, these organisms gradually transformed into multicellular organisms, which were able to adapt to different environments on land, water, and in the sky. As a result of this adaptation, various types of animals emerged. Here is a brief discussion of how humans evolved:<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the theory of evolution, dinosaurs lived on Earth<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0about 65 million years ago\u00a0, probably due to a meteorite impact, the dinosaurs suddenly\u00a0<\/span>became extinct. But small mammals survived, after the dinosaurs became extinct, primates (monkeys, apes, etc.) emerged from these small mammals. They were tree-dwelling and agile animals.<\/span><\/p>\n

About\u00a0<\/span>25 to 30 million years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, these primates split into two groups. One group spread to the Americas \u2014 these were the New World Monkeys. The other group spread to Africa and Asia \u2014 these were the Old World Monkeys. From these Old World monkeys, a new branch of monkeys split off \u2014 the Apes. These apes later evolved into gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then, about\u00a0<\/span>7 to 10 million years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, somewhere in Africa, an animal arose that was neither fully human nor fully chimpanzee. It was\u00a0<\/span>the Last Common Ancestor (LCA)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0of humans and chimpanzees . It walked in trees, but also descended to the ground when necessary.<\/span><\/p>\n

About\u00a0<\/span>7 million years ago,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0humans split off from this ancestor into their own branch, which scientists call the Hominin Line. First came Sahelanthropus tchadensis, which is thought to be one of the earliest human ancestors. Next came Australopithecus, which walked partially upright and lived in various parts of Africa. Homo habilis, about 2.4 million years ago, learned to use tools first. Then came Homo erectus, about 1.9 million years ago, which walked completely upright and spread out of Africa for the first time into Asia and Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then a special species appeared in history \u2014\u00a0<\/span>Homo neanderthalensis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, who\u00a0survived on Earth\u00a0<\/span>from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago . They were strong, adapted to cold climates, used fire and even practiced\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>burial rituals<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. They also participated in genetic mixing (interbreeding) with modern humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another species existed at this time \u2014\u00a0<\/span>the Denisovans<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, who lived at the same time and also had some genetic connection to modern humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

Finally, about\u00a0<\/span>300,000 years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, a new species emerged\u2014Homo sapiens, or modern humans. They gradually spread from Africa to the rest of the world.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the branch from which humans split off gave rise to\u00a0<\/span>chimpanzees and bonobos<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Humans share about\u00a0<\/span>98%<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0of their genetic similarity with them .<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\"Evolution<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Below is a brief summary of the sequence of human evolution:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Dinosaurs<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013>>>\u00a0<\/span>Dinosaurs became extinct and primates emerged (about 65 million years ago)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>The split of monkeys and apes from primates (about 25\u201330 million years ago<\/strong>\u00a0)<\/span><\/p>\n

3. The ancestor of apes and humans (about 7\u201310 million years ago):\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Last Common Ancestor (LCA)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. Hominin Line (from about 7 million years ago):<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0This line of direct ancestors of humans\u00a0is called\u00a0<\/span>Hominin . Its important stages are:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(about 7 million years ago): Considered the oldest possible ancestor of humans.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Australopithecus<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(4\u20132 million years ago): Walked partially upright, lived in various parts of Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Homo habilis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(2.4\u20131.4 million years ago): Known as the first tool user.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Homo erectus<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(1.9 million \u2013 100,000 years ago): Walked completely upright and spread out of Africa into Asia and Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Homo neanderthalensis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0lived from\u00a0<\/span>400,000 years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0to about\u00a0<\/span>40,000 years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Denisovan- They<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0existed about\u00a0<\/span>400,000 years ago –<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0until about\u00a0<\/span>40,000 years ago.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  • Homo sapiens<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(about 300,000 years ago): Modern humans emerge and gradually spread to all corners of the globe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

    2. Are these human-like creatures found in the fossil record descendants of Adam<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n

    To know whether modern humans, Homo sapiens ,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0who have been living for about 300,000 years in the fossil record,\u00a0are descendants of Adam, we need to know when Adam came to earth. There is no definitive information on this. A verse in the Quran shows that Adam, Noah, and Abraham were related to each other by lineage. The word\u00a0<\/span>\u0630\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0is used in the Quran for them, which means\u00a0<\/span>offspring<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>descendants<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

    It is said in Surah Al Imran, verses 33-34:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Indeed, Allah chose the family of Adam, Noah, Abraham, and the family of Imran over the worlds. They are descendants (\u0630\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 ) of one another .<\/span><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0And<\/span>Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing\u00a0.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \"Surah<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Those were \u02f9some of\u02fa the prophets who Allah has blessed from among the descendants of Adam, and of those We carried with Noah \u02f9in the Ark\u02fa, and of the descendants of Abraham and Israel,1<\/sup>\u00a0and of those We \u02f9rightly\u02fa guided and chose.<\/span><\/p>\n

    In surah Maryam verse – 59:<\/p>\n

    Those were they unto whom Allah bestowed His Grace from among the Prophets, of the offspring of Adam<\/strong>, and of those whom We carried (in the ship) with Nuh (Noah), and of the offspring of Ibrahim (Abraham) and Israel and from among those whom We guided and chose.<\/p>\n

    Ibn Kathir, in his Tafsir, describes the genealogy of Noah (peace be upon him). He writes:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Noah, the son of Lamech, Lamech the son of Methuselah, Methuselah the son of Enoch, Enoch the son of Id, Id the son of Mahalaleel, Mahalaleel the son of Cainan, Cainan the son of Enosh, Enosh the son of Seth, Seth the son of Adam (alaihimus salam).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Adam \u2192 Seth \u2192 Enosh \u2192 Cainan \u2192 Mahalalil \u2192 Iad \u2192 Enoch (Idris) \u2192 Methuselah \u2192 Lamech \u2192 Noah (PBUH)<\/span><\/p>\n

    If we follow the sequence of the arrival of the Prophet (peace be upon him), we can get some idea of \u200b\u200bhow long ago Adam (peace be upon him) was on earth. The sequence of the prophets is roughly – the order<\/span>
    \nof the major prophets is usually understood as follows: Adam \u2192 Idris \u2192 Noah \u2192 Hud \u2192 Salih \u2192 Abraham \u2192 Lot \u2192 Ishmael \u2192 Isaac \u2192 Jacob \u2192 Joseph \u2192 Shuaib \u2192 Moses \u2192 Aaron \u2192 David \u2192 Solomon \u2192 Yunus \u2192 Zechariah \u2192 John \u2192 Jesus \u2192 Muhammad (peace be upon them).<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

    Approximate chronology<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Based on the above information, an approximate chronology is as follows, although the specific dates are approximate:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Adam<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~6,000\u201312,000 years ago (4000\u201310,000 BC, estimated, based on Judeo-Christian genealogy).<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Noah<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~3,000\u20138,000 BC (several centuries or millennia after Adam).<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Abraham<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~2000\u20132500 BC.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Moses<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~1400\u20131200 BC.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • David\/Suleiman<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~1000\u2013900 BC.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Jesus<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: ~4 BC\u201330 AD.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Muhammad (PBUH)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: 570 AD\u2013632 AD.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Present<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Approximately 1,400 years since the death of Muhammad.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      That is, we can say that the possible time of Adam’s arrival on earth is 6,000 to 12,000 years.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0However, according to the fossil record, Homo sapiens or humans were on earth about 300,000 years ago. On the other hand, the Quran mentions that Adam was created directly from the elements of the earth and mentions Adam, Noah and Abraham as descendants of each other. Therefore, it is unlikely that Adam came to earth 300,000 years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

      3.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Were there other intelligent races living on Earth before Adam? Did new species emerge through the replacement of Hominid animals from Adam?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      So we can say that the old fossils that are found are probably not descendants of Adam and Eve. Rather, they are other species like humans that lived before Adam came to Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n

      The question is-<\/span><\/p>\n

      1. Did other animals like humans live on Earth before Adam?<\/span><\/p>\n

      2. Were they intelligent?<\/span><\/p>\n

      3. Did Allah create a new species called humans or Al-Insan through Adam (peace be upon him) instead of the previously created animals?<\/span><\/p>\n

      We know that the jinn have been living on earth for a long time. There is a lot of information about this in the Quran, Hadith and Tafsir books. However, there is no clear information in the Quran or Hadith about whether other creatures that looked like humans lived on earth or not. In verse 30 of Surah Al-Baqarah, some information is available about the beginning of the creation of man, where Allah Almighty has mentioned man as a ‘Khalifa’. In the interpretation of this word ‘Khalifa’, many commentators have mentioned the existence of other creatures like man long before Adam (peace be upon him).<\/span><\/p>\n

      Surah Al-Baqarah \u2013 Verse 30 states:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      And remember when your Lord said to the angels, \u2018I am\u00a0going to create a\u00a0<\/span>vicegerent (\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064b ) on earth.\u2019 They said, \u2018Will You place therein one who <\/span>will spread corruption and shed blood<\/span>\u00a0? While we glorify You with our praise and glorify You.\u2019 He said, \u2018I know what you do not know.\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>In this verse, Allah\u00a0declares mankind\u00a0<\/span>as the vicegerents (\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064b )<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>. The angels express their fear that humans\u00a0will cause\u00a0<\/span>chaos (sad) and\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>bloodshed (safk al-damaas)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0on earth .\u00a0<\/span>Allah responds by saying,\u00a0<\/span>\u201cI know what you do not know\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 implying that there is a greater and deeper purpose behind the creation of humans that is beyond the knowledge of the angels. Two things are quite important in this verse:<\/span><\/p>\n

      1. What does the word Caliph mean?<\/span><\/p>\n

      2. How could the angels say that humans would cause chaos and bloodshed on earth?<\/span><\/p>\n

      Let’s see what the word Caliph means according to the Arabic dictionary.<\/span><\/p>\n

      The meaning of the word \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064b (Khalifah) \u2013 According to the Arabic dictionary: Root:\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u0644\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u0641\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(kh-l-f)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. The basic idea of \u200b\u200bthis root is:\u00a0<\/span>to come after<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>to be someone’s successor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, or\u00a0<\/span>to be someone’s representative<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span>According to the Classical Arabic dictionary:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      1.\u00a0<\/span>Lis\u0101n al-‘Arab (Lisaan al-‘Arab):<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0A caliph is someone who succeeds another and takes his place. A caliph is the representative of Allah on earth, who carries out His commands and prohibitions.<\/span><\/p>\n

      2.\u00a0<\/span>Al-Mufrad\u0101t \u2013 Raghib al-Asfahani:<\/span><\/strong>
      \nEnglish meaning: Khilafah means to carry out a duty on behalf of someone else\u2014either due to that person’s absence or death.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629 (Kh \u0644 \u0641)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 representative \/ successor \/ representative ruler \/ successor \/ to come behind, to follow someone<\/span><\/p>\n

      So we can see that the meaning of the word Caliph is quite broad and in Arabic this word means representative \/ successor \/ representative ruler \/ successor, coming behind, following someone, etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Imam Qurtubi<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0presents\u00a0various interpretations\u00a0<\/strong>of the word\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0in this verse :<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Adam (peace be upon him) is the representative of Allah<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, who\u00a0<\/span>will rule the earth under Allah’s guidance<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Adam (peace be upon him) is the descendant of the jinn or any other creature<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0who lived on earth before Adam and\u00a0<\/span>caused unrest and bloodshed.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
      • The beginning of the continuous succession of mankind<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, that is, one generation after another will come.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Ibn Kathir said: ”\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Khalifa\u00a0<\/strong>” means a nation that will succeed one another. On the other hand, it is wrong to say that humans are the caliphs and representatives of Allah in this world.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0Here it is mentioned that the angels told Allah about a nation that\u00a0<\/span>would not only cause chaos but also cause bloodshed. The jinn do not have blood in their bodies, they are made of a substance like light. They do not have blood in their bodies.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>The Quran clearly states that the jinn were created from fire:<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Surah Ar-Rahman (55:15):<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201cHe created the jinn from a smokeless flame.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Surah Al-Hijr (15:27):<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201cAnd We created the jinn before that from a smokeless flame of fire.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          So the people the angels were talking about were not the jinn. The angels were talking about people who used to fight like humans and had blood in their bodies.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Surprisingly, the commentators have mentioned the different peoples that existed before humans.<\/span><\/strong> Ibn Kathir mentioned in <\/span>his book\u00a0<\/span>Al-Bidaya wan Nihaya :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cThe jinn were created before Adam (peace be upon him). And before them, there were Hin and Bin on earth. Then Allah gave the jinn power over them, so they killed them, expelled them, and wiped them out from the earth and began to live here themselves.\u201d (Al-Bidaya wan Nihaya, Ibn Kathir, p. 50)<\/span><\/p>\n

          Al-Masudi (Murjuz-Dhahab, Vol. 1):<\/span><\/strong>
          \nHe wrote that before Adam, Allah created many nations and different forms\u2014some of whom were peaceful, while others were violent and bloodthirsty.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Al-Masudi<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0wrote:<\/span>
          \n\u201cAllah created 28 nations before Adam (peace be upon him), each with a different appearance.\u201d<\/span>
          \nHe described some of them:<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Some had wings, their words were like thunder.<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. Some had a body like a lion, a head like a bird, hair and a tail.<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. Some had two faces\u2014one in front, one behind\u2014and many legs.<\/span><\/li>\n
          4. Some were half human, with one arm and one leg, and their speech was like the call of a stork.<\/span><\/li>\n
          5. Some had a face like a human, a back like a turtle, horns on their heads, and a voice like the barking of a dog.<\/span><\/li>\n
          6. Some had white fur and a tail like a cow’s.<\/span><\/li>\n
          7. Some had teeth as sharp as knives, and their ears were long.<\/span>
            \n(Al-Masudi’s Tarikh-ul-Umam)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            That is, we can say from the interpretation of the word ‘Caliph’ and the statements of the commentators that long before the arrival of Adam (peace be upon him) on earth, various races lived on earth who were close to humans in nature and over time they disappeared from the earth. This is proven by various archaeological discoveries and fossil records.<\/span><\/p>\n

            4. What is the difference between Bani Adam and other Hominids?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            The main difference is in intelligence.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            The hominids found in the fossil record are physically similar to humans, but the main difference is in intelligence. They were not like humans in knowledge, wisdom, language, art, and culture. Therefore, despite living on earth long before humans, they could not establish any real civilization.\u00a0<\/span>All civilizations on earth have developed through the descendants of Adam and Eve within the last 6,000 to 12,000 thousand years. <\/span><\/strong>\u00a0According to the theory of evolution, if modern humans have existed for about 300,000 years, why did organized societies and civilizations emerge only in the last 5\u20136 thousand years?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Studies of the structure of these hominids found in the fossil record have shown that they could walk on two legs and many could stand upright. They were able to use fire and use various tools and weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n

            But research into the shape of their brains shows that the brain size of species ranging from\u00a0Sahelanthropus tchadensis\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>, which lived about 300,000 to 700,000 years ago,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>to Homo Erectus, is similar to that of modern chimpanzees, gorillas, or orangutans, averaging 350 to 500 cc.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

            It is worth noting that the average human brain volume is about 1300 to 1400 cc. The average brain volume of a chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan is about 350 to 500 cc.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            So, based on brain size, we can say that the intelligence of species from Sahelanthropus tchadensis to Homo Erectus was not greater than that of modern chimpanzees and gorillas. So, they were actually a different species of ape, not very intelligent.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Brain sizes of various species found in the fossil record-<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Species<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nAverage brain size (cc)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Sahelanthropus tadensis<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~350\u2013370 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Australopithecus afarensis<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~400\u2013500 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Homo habilis<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~510\u2013600 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Homo erectus<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~600\u20131,100 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal)<\/span><\/strong>And Denisovans<\/span><\/td>\n~1,200\u20131,750 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Homo sapiens<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~1,300\u20131,400 cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

            On the other hand, Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal) and Denisovans, who lived on Earth 400,000 years ago, are species very close to humans,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0they both walked on two legs like humans \u2014 that is, they were bipedal. But their brain size (1200-1750 cc) was the same as or slightly larger than the human brain. Therefore, they should have been as intelligent as humans. But studies have shown that\u00a0<\/span>their brains had many differences in terms of structure and function. Although the Neanderthal brain was slightly larger than the human brain, their language and communication abilities were limited and their language complexity was probably not as advanced as that of modern humans. Their abstract thinking and creativity were relatively low, so they did not advance much in art or complex inventions. Although they were physically strong and well-adapted to hunting and surviving in harsh environments, their social groups were generally small and simple. On the other hand, modern humans have brains that are specifically designed for language, social cooperation, complex thought, and creativity, which enabled them to develop complex cultures and technologies and help them dominate the world. That is, while Neanderthals were skilled at surviving in their natural environment, their intelligence and cultural development were limited compared to modern humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Below is a diagram showing the structural differences between the human brain and\u00a0<\/span>the brains of Neanderthals and Denisovans:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Direction<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nNeanderthals and Denisovans<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nModern man<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Brain size (average volume)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n~1,500 cm\u00b3 (larger than modern humans)<\/span><\/td>\n~1,350 cm\u00b3 (slightly smaller, but more efficient organization)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Nerve cell growth (TKTL1 gene)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nNo mutation in the TKTL1 gene; fewer neural progenitor cells, resulting in fewer neurons being produced.<\/span><\/td>\nOne amino acid change in the TKTL1 gene; more progenitor cells, more neurons in the neocortex (cognitive part).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Accuracy of cell division (metaphase time)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nShort metaphase; more chromosome errors (older versions of KIF18A, KNL1, SPAG5 genes).<\/span><\/td>\nLonger metaphase; fewer errors, healthier brain development (these gene changes are different from Neanderthal\/Denisovan).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Brain organization<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nLarger visual cortex (eyes say bigger) and part of physical control; less room for social cognition.<\/span><\/td>\nLarge parietal lobe (social and sensory processing); small visual area.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Brain Chemistry (ADSL Enzyme)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nADSL enzyme is stable; less competitive behavior.<\/span><\/td>\nAlanine-to-valine change in ADSL; enzyme unstable, high substrate in brain (SAICAr, S-Ado), possibly competitive advantage.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

            The above discussion clearly shows that even the closest primates to Homo sapiens were not as intelligent and capable as humans, but rather inferior to them. This means that we can say that Neanderthals and Denisovans, although they looked like humans, were completely different species from humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/figure>\n
            Now let’s come to the discussion of Homo sapiens, who are called modern humans-<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

            Ancient Homo sapiens (about 300,000\u2013100,000 years ago)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            The first modern hominids were discovered in Africa\u00a0about\u00a0<\/span>300,000 years ago . Fossils from sites such as Jebel Irhoud in Morocco are among the oldest examples of this species. Their brain size was around\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>1400 cubic centimeters (cc)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, but their shape was elongated and somewhat \u201cprotohuman.\u201d The back of the brain was relatively large, unlike that of modern humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Middle Homo sapiens (about 150,000\u201350,000 years ago).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Fossils from this period include the skeleton from Herto in Ethiopia (~160,000 years ago). Their brains were similar in size to modern humans, but not as round as they are today. The brain gradually became wider and taller, especially in the forehead and frontal lobes.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Modern Homo sapiens (about 40,000 years ago to the present)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Ancient fossils of modern humans found in Europe and Asia (such as Cro-Magnon man, about 30\u201340 thousand years ago). Their brains\u00a0<\/span>averaged 1350\u20131450 cc<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, which is close to that of modern humans. The shape was relatively\u00a0<\/span>globular<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, with a high forehead and a large prefrontal cortex, which is associated with high intelligence, language and complex thinking. Cro-Magnons painted\u00a0<\/span>cave paintings<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, such as:\u00a0<\/span>Lascaux Cave (France)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 pictures of huge animals have been found here. They made\u00a0<\/span>statues and ornaments<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(from bones, stones, teeth). They could\u00a0<\/span>hunt large animals<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. They lived in caves, in the mountains. But they could not create any civilization.<\/span><\/p>\n

            5. Homo sapiens has lived for 300,000 years but has not established any civilization. Milestones in human history: The development of civilization, agriculture, and metallurgy, etc., has been achieved through the descendants of Adam, not through other species.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            If we study the development of human civilization, we will be surprised to see that\u00a0<\/span>civilization began only 5,000\u20136,000 years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(3500\u20133000 BC). The main characteristics of civilization are the formation of cities, writing system, administration, religion, and the development of technology, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

            If we look at history, we will see that the major civilizations of the world are –\u00a0<\/span>Mesopotamian civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Egyptian civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Indus Valley civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Chinese civilization (ancient), Mesoamerican civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Andean civilization (South America).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            1.\u00a0<\/span>Mesopotamian civilization began:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0about 5,500 years ago.\u00a0<\/span>Location:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present-day Iraq and Syria).\u00a0<\/span>Characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0the world’s oldest script\u2014cuneiform, invention of the wheel, irrigation system, Code of Hammurabi, city-states like Ur and Babylon.<\/span><\/p>\n

            2.\u00a0<\/span>Egyptian civilization began:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0about 5,100 years ago\u00a0<\/span>Location:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Northeast Africa, on the banks of the Nile River\u00a0<\/span>Characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Pyramid construction, hieroglyphic writing, reign of pharaohs, developments in mathematics and medicine.<\/span><\/p>\n

            3.\u00a0<\/span>Indus Valley Civilization Began:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0About 4,600 years ago,\u00a0<\/span>Location:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Present-day Pakistan and northwestern India\u00a0<\/span>Characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Planned cities, advanced drainage systems, accurate weights and measures, commercial development.<\/span><\/p>\n

            4.\u00a0<\/span>Chinese Civilization (Ancient) Beginning:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0About 4,000 years ago,\u00a0<\/span>Location:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Yellow River (Huang Ho) Valley, Northern China\u00a0<\/span>Characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Bronze Age, silk weaving, oracle bone writing, Confucian thought.<\/span><\/p>\n

            5.\u00a0<\/span>Civilizations of Mesoamerica\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Olmec Civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 about 3,500 years ago,\u00a0<\/span>characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0large stone carvings, primitive writing, known as the \u201cmother civilization.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>Maya Civilization<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 about 4,000 years ago,\u00a0<\/span>characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0astronomy, pyramids, complex calendar, hieroglyphic writing.<\/span><\/p>\n

            6.\u00a0<\/span>Andean Civilization (South America) Began:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0About 5000 years ago,\u00a0<\/span>Characteristics:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Pyramid building, urban culture. Later Chavin, Nazca and Inca civilizations developed.\u00a0<\/span>Inca Empire<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Fell to the Spanish in 1533 AD.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Civilization<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nEstimated start<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Mesopotamia<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n5500 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Egypt<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n5100 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Indus<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n4600 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            China<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n4000 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Allmake<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n3500 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Maya<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n4000 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Chico in the North<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n5000 years ago<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n
            \n
            \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

            Beginning of Agriculture<\/span><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0Period<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: About<\/span>\u00a010,000 years ago<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(8000 BC)<\/span>\u00a0Region<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: Ancient<\/span>\u00a0Fertile Crescent<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 present-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, etc. Humans abandoned hunting and gathering and<\/span>\u00a0began cultivating crops<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0and<\/span>\u00a0raising livestock<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Domestication of wheat, barley, peas, sheep, and cattle began. Agriculturelaid<\/span>\u00a0the foundation for permanent settlement<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0in human history and later<\/span>\u00a0the birth of civilization .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Use of Metals<\/span><\/p>\n

            Chalcolithic \/ Copper Age: Period: Around 4500\u20133300 BC Copper began to be used in ancient societies, although stone continued to be used.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Bronze Age: Period: 3300\u20131200 BC, bronze was made by mixing copper and tin \u2014 more durable, Bronze Age civilizations developed everywhere in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China<\/span><\/p>\n

            Iron Age: Period: Began in various regions between 1200\u2013500 BC, iron was more powerful and readily available \u2014 revolutionizing agriculture and weaponry.<\/span><\/p>\n

            First actual script:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n