{"id":1387,"date":"2025-11-18T06:39:05","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T06:39:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/?p=1387"},"modified":"2025-11-18T06:39:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T06:39:05","slug":"evolution-theory-vs-adam-eve-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/evolution-theory-vs-adam-eve-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution theory vs. Adam-Eve Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-2400 post type-post status-publish format-gallery has-post-thumbnail hentry category-medical-science category-90 category-16 category-113 tag-101 tag-108 tag-114 tag-111 post_format-post-format-gallery\">\n<header class=\"entry-header magazinenp-parts-item\">\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-weight: 400; font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">According to the Holy Quran, the human race originated from Adam and Eve. But according to the theory of evolution, the human race gradually evolved from a primitive common ancestor through gradual changes, not from Adam and Eve.<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry-content magazinenp-parts-item\">\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">However, the Quran clearly states:<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Surah\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">An-\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Nisa (\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">4:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">1)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">O\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>mankind\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">!\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>Fear\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">your\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Lord\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>who\u00a0<\/strong><strong>created\u00a0<\/strong><strong>you\u00a0<\/strong><strong>from\u00a0<\/strong><strong>a single\u00a0<\/strong><strong>soul (\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Adam)\u00a0<\/strong><strong>and\u00a0<\/strong><strong>from\u00a0<\/strong><strong>it\u00a0<\/strong><strong>created\u00a0<\/strong><strong>its\u00a0<\/strong><strong>mate (\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Eve)\u00a0<\/strong><strong>,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>and\u00a0<\/strong><strong>from\u00a0<\/strong><strong>both\u00a0<\/strong><strong>of them\u00a0<\/strong><strong>spread out\u00a0<\/strong><strong>many\u00a0<\/strong><strong>men\u00a0<\/strong><strong>and\u00a0<\/strong><strong>women\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u2026\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">Darwin&#8217;s theory<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">In 1859, Charles Darwin published the idea of \u200b\u200bevolution in his book &#8216;On the Origin of Species&#8217;. It states that all animals on earth, including humans, have gradually diversified into many species from a common ancestor. That is, the ancestors of all living things are one or a few simple organisms that have gradually changed into the various species of today. He called this process &#8220;Natural Selection&#8221;.<\/span><\/mark><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Although Darwin&#8217;s book does not contain much about human evolution , Darwin discussed human evolution in detail in his\u00a01871\u00a0 book\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">&#8220;The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex&#8221; . In this book, he said\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">that humans and modern apes had a common ancestor, from which they evolved in different ways. Like other animals, humans\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>have gradually evolved into improved species through<\/strong>\u00a0natural selection .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Darwin&#8217;s theory of evolution is essentially a well-established fact about the origin of humans all over the world.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3201\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1.jpeg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-150x150.jpeg 150w\" alt=\"Evolution theory vs. Adam-Eve Theory, tree of life .\n\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">The problem at the root of Darwin&#8217;s theory<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">The first thing is &#8211; how did life originate on Earth? Darwin was looking for an answer to the question of how simple organisms gradually evolved into complex organisms, but he did not find an answer to the question of how life originated. However, this question is the most important question for humanity. Darwin mainly discussed biological evolution, but did not explain chemical evolution or how various natural elements created life through chemical reactions. Darwin had no idea about the extremely complex structure of cells, because the electron microscope was not invented in his time.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The electron microscope<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0was invented\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">in the 1930s<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, and since then people have started to get an idea about the extremely complex structure of cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The answer to how humans originated on Earth must first be found in the origin of the single &#8220;cell&#8221; that constitutes the structure of humans and the entire animal world. Only if various non-living elements in nature can come together to form a &#8220;living&#8221; cell can life originate, a process called Abiogenesis in English.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">Various experiments on the origin of life-<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The first chemical experiment on the origin of life was conducted in 1952 by chemist Stanley Miller. He conducted the experiment under the supervision of physical chemist Harold Clayton Urr, and it is known as the &#8216;Miller-Urr&#8217; experiment. The experiment was performed at the University of Chicago and published in 1953. Miller wanted to see how the building blocks necessary for life, such as amino acids, could be produced in the primitive environment of Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Scientists believe that in ancient times, the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere was probably rich in methane, hydrogen, and ammonia. At that time, there should not have been much oxygen in the Earth&#8217;s air, because the first oxygen on Earth was produced mainly by photosynthetic bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Lightning discharges in the sky, strong solar radiation, and frequent volcanic eruptions caused chemical reactions in the ocean water, which resulted in the emergence of life in the water. Stanley Miller wanted to show scientists this idea through laboratory experiments.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3185\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg_-1024x954.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg_-1024x954.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg_-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg_-768x716.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg_.png 1200w\" alt=\"Evolution theory vs. Adam-Eve Theory, Miller-Urey Experiment\" width=\"413\" height=\"384\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">So he designed a closed glass apparatus with a flask and tubes as shown in the picture above. In one part of which\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">he filled methane, hydrogen and ammonia gases as the original atmosphere. And in the other part he kept water. Care was taken that there was no oxygen in the flask, because there was no oxygen in the early Earth. An electric discharge was arranged between the gas chambers through two electrodes and the substances produced in the flask were collected in a jar after cooling and liquefying.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">The compound produced through this experiment was later tested and found to contain about\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">11 types of amino acids<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(some of which are found in living organisms, such as glycine, alanine, aspartic acid),\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">simple carboxylic acids<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">hydrocarbons<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">hydrogen cyanide (HCN)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, and\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">formaldehyde (HCHO)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u2014 which\u00a0are considered\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">precursors for life .<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Miller&#8217;s experiment was a relatively successful initial test of how life originated on Earth, as it made it possible to easily create the basic building blocks of cells. Scientists thought they could create artificial life in the laboratory in a very short time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">But the interesting thing is that almost 73 years have passed since a fairly successful experiment like the Miller-Urey Experiment, but scientists have not really been able to advance much further.<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Because even if the elements of life can be created artificially in nature, they do not actually form life when combined.<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Over time, how complex and difficult it is for life to arise alone in nature is gradually being revealed to people.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">Before we move on to the next complex discussion, let&#8217;s look at the minimum things that are essential for the survival of a functioning, living cell:<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNA (ribonucleic acid)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Protein and enzyme (protein and enzyme or catalyst &#8211; which is necessary for chemical reactions to occur)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Lipid Membrane (cell membrane)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">ATP or Energy (energy for cells to function)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Cellular Metabolism (various chemical reactions occurring within cells)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Cell Division (creation of new cells through cell division)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3186\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8edf4e36effd70e176f3007d44e5bd2e.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8edf4e36effd70e176f3007d44e5bd2e.jpg 627w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8edf4e36effd70e176f3007d44e5bd2e-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8edf4e36effd70e176f3007d44e5bd2e-136x102.jpg 136w\" alt=\"Miller-Urey Experiment. Cell structure.\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">1.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic blueprint or design of our body. It is located in the nucleus of cells and contains all\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the genetic information<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0of an organism , such as eye color, blood type, height, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">2.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">DNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0itself does not work directly, but rather it\u00a0produces\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">RNA .\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">RNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(ribonucleic acid) is the messenger of DNA. When a cell needs to make a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">protein<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, a specific part of the DNA is copied to\u00a0form\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">mRNA (messenger RNA). This\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">mRNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0goes outside the cell and\u00a0goes to a place called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the ribosome<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0to start\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">protein synthesis .<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">3.\u00a0<strong>Proteins<\/strong>\u00a0that are made\u00a0by arranging amino acids according to\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the RNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0code are responsible for various functions of the body such as digestion, cell formation, disease prevention, enzyme production, etc. That is,\u00a0<strong>DNA\u00a0<\/strong><strong>is<\/strong>\u00a0the master plan,\u00a0<strong>RNA<\/strong>\u00a0is the messenger, and\u00a0<strong>protein<\/strong>\u00a0is the real worker who implements that plan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">4. And to keep these activities going within the cell, energy is needed. The cell&#8217;s ATP supplies this energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">5. The components of the cell cannot be scattered everywhere, but rather everything in the cell must be together within a membrane or screen, which is called the Lipid Membrane. The components of the cell can only function properly if they are bound in one place.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">6. Ultimately, the cell must be able to give rise to more new cells like itself through division and self-replication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">As simple as these aspects of the cell are described, in reality they are actually much more complex.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">From the above discussion, it is understood that the cell is like a factory. Where different components come together to perform specific tasks. To perform these tasks, energy (ATP) and enzymes are required.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Now the basic question is: how did life begin on Earth? It is not possible that all the parts of a cell were already present on Earth and then simply joined together to form a primitive cell. Rather, the formation of a viable cell would have had to occur gradually through a process that is still unknown today. That is why scientists have proposed various hypotheses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">There are several hypotheses about how the process of life began on primitive Earth:<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Some scientists believe that since information is needed to perform specific functions of cells, genetic material, i.e. nucleic acid or RNA, was first produced.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Some people think that proteins were created first. Because proteins act as catalysts in cells and without the help of proteins, DNA and RNA replication or division cannot occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">3. Some say that the cell membrane was formed first, because the components of the cell can only function if they are bound together within the cell membrane.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">4. According to some, metabolism or chemical reactions began first to sustain life. Because various types of chemical elements and energy are needed to form cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">To be honest, scientists are not sure how life began on Earth. There is much debate about which of the first cells\u2014DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, ribosomes, or cell membranes\u2014started the creation of the first cell. Some say that RNA had to be made first, because DNA contains all the genetic information of the cell. Others say that enzymes had to be made before DNA because enzymes are the only way DNA and RNA can function properly. But enzymes are proteins. The job of DNA and RNA is to make proteins.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">As a result, it is impossible for proteins or enzymes to be made before DNA or RNA. This creates a \u201cchicken-and-egg\u201d problem.<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Moreover, no one has a clear idea of \u200b\u200bhow genetic information can be incorporated into DNA or RNA.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1390\" src=\"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-Nov-17-2025-02_29_57-PM-200x300.png\" alt=\"Evolution theory, \u201cchicken-and-egg\u201d problem\" width=\"314\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-Nov-17-2025-02_29_57-PM-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-Nov-17-2025-02_29_57-PM-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-Nov-17-2025-02_29_57-PM-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-Nov-17-2025-02_29_57-PM.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">The most discussed and popular of these hypotheses is the RNA World Hypothesis.<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\"><span dir=\"auto\">What is the RNA World Hypothesis?<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">According to this idea, RNA was formed<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0first on the primitive Earth\u00a0, because RNA can store genetic information and can itself cause chemical reactions, that is, it can act as an enzyme. Genetic information and enzymes are needed for the development of life from the very beginning. These two features are found together in RNA. Then,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">protein and DNA<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0were gradually formed from RNA. Currently, the RNA world hypothesis is one of the main theories of abiogenesis, according to this idea,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">RNA was formed first<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Possible sequence:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">RNA \u2192 Protein \u2192 DNA \u2192\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Cell membrane \u2192\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Whole\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">cell<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">But it is almost impossible for RNA to form on the primitive Earth.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Here is a series of discussions on why it is impossible for RNA to be produced alone:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNA is basically made up of three types of components &#8211; 1. Ribose sugar, 2. Phosphate and 3. Nucleobase. Ribose sugar and phosphate form a curved backbone to which 4 types of nucleobases are attached.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3189\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture6-1024x1024-1.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture6-1024x1024-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture6-1024x1024-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture6-1024x1024-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.quranmiraclescience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture6-1024x1024-1-768x768.jpg 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"543\" height=\"543\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #008000;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">Picture : RNA is made up of three types of components &#8211; 1. Ribose sugar, 2. Phosphate and 3. Nucleobase.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Ribose sugar, which is essential for RNA, is almost impossible to produce.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">A special sugar called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Ribose<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0is essential for the formation of RNA (ribonucleic acid) . But could this Ribose have been easily produced on the primitive Earth? The answer is,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">no<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. Ribose is a very unstable and rare sugar, which is almost impossible to produce and survive naturally. Here we will understand this matter simply-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">How is ribose sugar made?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Scientists have found that ribose can be produced in nature\u00a0through a chemical reaction called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the Formose reaction<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, which uses a simple molecule called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Formaldehyde . But the problem is that\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the Formose<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0reaction produces many different types of sugars (such as<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone, Glucose, Mannose, Fructose, Ribose, etc.). The amount of ribose produced is very small. The amount of ribose in this reaction\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">is less than 1%<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, which is mixed with other sugars. That is, less than 1 in 100 molecules is ribose. Scientists have studied in the laboratory that this small amount of ribose mixed in various mixtures will never produce RNA, the ribose sugar must be completely separated from the other sugars. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Complexity in ribose production and survival-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Many sugars are formed together<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: In the Formose reaction, many other\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">isomers<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(similar molecules) are formed in addition to Ribose. As a result, Ribose cannot be isolated. It is naturally impossible to select only Ribose from this mixture.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Rapidly Destructive<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Ribose breaks down very quickly\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">in alkaline environments\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">(pH &gt; 9). Ribose is destroyed within minutes to hours in environments such as heat (30\u201380\u00b0C), water, or UV light.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Impossible to separate<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: In the Formose reaction, Ribose is mixed with other sugars. It is not possible to separate it without modern equipment. There was no natural process in the primitive world that could separate Ribose.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conditions required for the production of Ribose Sugar<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The conditions required for the production of ribose are:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conditions<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Requirements<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Alkaline pH (&gt;9)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">To start the reaction<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Catalyst (Ca(OH)\u2082 or mineral)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Helpful for reaction<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Warmth (30\u201380\u00b0C)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">To speed up the reaction<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Problem<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Finding these conditions together and correctly is a very difficult task on the primitive Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Even if ribose is produced, it will be destroyed before it can be used to form RNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Ribose is a key component of RNA, but its production and stability on the primitive Earth are almost impossible. Its quantities are very small, it is rapidly degraded, and it is extremely difficult to isolate. For this reason, scientists believe that the formation of RNA from ribose on the prehistoric Earth is a major mystery.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The question\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">arises<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"> : If ribose was so difficult to make, how did RNA come about? Scientists are still researching to find the answer to this question.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Reference<\/span>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01808782\"><strong data-start=\"198\" data-end=\"221\">Shapiro, R. (1988).<\/strong> <em data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"272\">Prebiotic ribose synthesis: A critical analysis.<\/em><\/a><br data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"275\" \/><strong data-start=\"278\" data-end=\"343\">Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 18(1), 71\u201385.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/cshperspectives.cshlp.org\/content\/2\/7\/a003467.full.pdf\"><strong data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"605\">Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., &amp; Ricardo, A. (2010).<\/strong> <em data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"668\">Planetary organic chemistry and the origins of biomolecules.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate on early Earth: Essential for RNA but nearly impossible to produce<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Another important three elements for the formation of RNA and DNA are\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">phosphates<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is a chemical ion with the symbol\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. It carries three negative charges and combines with sugars to form the basic structure, or\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">&#8220;backbone,&#8221;<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0of RNA and DNA . Without this structure, RNA or DNA cannot be made.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Why is it difficult to produce phosphate?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is very rare in nature<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is usually bound in soil or minerals, such as rocks or stones.<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0In its free state (i.e. dissolved in water), phosphate is found in very small amounts, which is not enough to make RNA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is not easily reactive<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is a stable and negatively charged ion, which means it does not easily combine with sugars or bases. It requires\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">enzymes<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0or external\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">energy<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0to react\u00a0, which was not available on the primitive Earth.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate precipitates in water<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate does not dissolve in water but forms\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">a precipitate\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">, meaning it separates and settles to the bottom.<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0As a result, phosphate cannot participate in chemical reactions.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Why are these big problems?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">To make RNA, a unit called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">a nucleotide<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0is required, which is made up of these three:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Nucleotide =\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Sugar +\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Base +\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">If phosphate is not present in the environment or if it is present but does not react, then nucleotides will not be formed. As a result, the formation of RNA or DNA will not be possible. In addition, energy input is required to make phosphate reactive, but the source of this energy on the early Earth is still unclear.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">So the question is\u2026<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">How did phosphate combine with sugars and bases to form complex molecules like RNA\u00a0on Earth, where there were no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">enzymes<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">energy sources<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(such as ATP)? This is a major question in the theory of\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">abiogenesis , or the spontaneous origin of life.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Phosphate is an essential element for RNA and DNA, but it is very rare in nature and very inactive in terms of reactivity. Its availability and limited ability to participate in chemical reactions make RNA formation almost impossible in the prehistoric world. This problem remains a major challenge for scientists, which is important in solving the mystery of the origin of life.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h6 data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1367\"><strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1365\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Reference<\/span>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/274384273_Prebiotic_Phosphorylation_Reactions_on_the_Early_Earth\">Gull, M., Mojzsis, S. J., &amp; Bada, J. L. (2014). <\/a><\/strong><em data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1413\">On the prebiotic availability of phosphate.<\/em><\/h6>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The four bases of RNA in the primitive world: Adenine and Guanine are easy, but Cytosine and Uracil are extremely difficult.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">The four main nucleobases of RNA are\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Adenine (A)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Guanine (G)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Cytosine (C)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, and\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Uracil (U)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. Scientists are studying how these bases were formed in the prehistoric world. But it turns out that Adenine and Guanine are relatively easy to make, but Cytosine and Uracil are much more complicated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Adenine and Guanine: Easily produced<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Scientists have found that adenine and guanine were relatively easy to form in the environment of prehistoric Earth. These two bases could have formed naturally through chemical reactions. They have also been found in meteorites (such as the Murchison meteorite), which suggests that they were common in primitive environments.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Cytosine and Uracil: Why so complicated?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Cytosine and Uracil are very difficult to make. Cytosine in particular has a big problem. Let&#8217;s see why:<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The problem with Cytosine<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Difficult to form<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: The chemical reactions required to make cytosine require very pure and concentrated chemicals, which are difficult to obtain on the primitive Earth. For example:<\/span><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Cyanoacetylene + Urea<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Cyanoacetaldehyde + Ammonia The yield in these reactions is very low, less than 1%. In addition, many unnecessary side reactions occur.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Unstable\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>in water<\/strong>\u00a0: Cytosine breaks down easily in water. It undergoes chemical changes and is converted into Uracil and Ammonia.<\/span><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Its half-life at 25\u00b0C is only\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">17\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">days<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">At a temperature of 37\u00b0C, it decreases to\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">14\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">days<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Even in cold environments (0\u00b0C), it\u00a0survives for a maximum\u00a0<strong>of 17,000\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">years\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>, which is very short compared to geological time.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Environmental\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Challenges<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Cytosine is rapidly destroyed by UV light, heat, water, or acidic environments. It is destroyed in an instant in high-temperature places like volcanoes. That is why scientists\u00a0call cytosine\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">a \u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">transient\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">molecule.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">No evidence<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: While Adenine, Guanine, and even Uracil and Thymine have been found in meteorites, there is no trace of Cytosine. This could mean that Cytosine was either not formed at all, or that it was rapidly destroyed if it was formed.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">In the case of Uracil<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Uracil also has some of the same problems as Cytosine, but it is relatively stable. Uracil has been found in meteorites, which suggests that it could have formed in a primitive environment. However, its formation process is also complex.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Because of the instability and complexity of Cytosine and Uracil, scientists believe that the process of making RNA in the prehistoric world may have been different from what we think. Some scientists also believe that ancient RNA did not contain Cytosine, or that it was replaced by a different molecule. Research is still ongoing to solve this mystery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83d\udccc\u00a0<strong><span dir=\"auto\">The bottom line<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Adenine and Guanine are easy to make, but the complexity of Cytosine and Uracil raises big questions about the origin of RNA on the early Earth. Scientists are looking for answers to these questions, which are important for understanding the origin of our life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Reference<\/span>: <a href=\"http:\/\/chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/api\/citations\/19980119841\/downloads\/19980119841.pdf\"><strong data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"439\">Robertson, M. P., &amp; Miller, S. L. (1995). <\/strong><em data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"500\">An efficient prebiotic synthesis of cytosine and uracil.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">RNA instability poses major challenge to the origin of life<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Let&#8217;s assume that, by some unknown process, sugar, phosphate molecules, and nucleic acids were combined to form RNA molecules. But there was still a big problem. Research has shown that RNA is extremely\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">unstable<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0and almost impossible to survive in the harsh environment of that time.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Even if RNA had somehow been created on the primitive Earth, could it have survived?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">RNA is a very unstable molecule. In the early Earth&#8217;s environment, it would have broken down quickly due to heat, light, water, or chemicals. The ribose sugar of RNA has an extra \u2013OH (hydroxyl) group, called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">2\u2032-OH<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. This 2\u2032-OH group makes RNA very\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">reactive or unstable<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. In normal natural environments, RNA particles can survive for a very short time. Below is a chart showing the half-life of RNA in different environments:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\ud83e\uddea\u00a0<\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Environment<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u23f3<\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>Half life\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>RNA<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\ud83d\udcac\u00a0<\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Comments<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Room temperature (25\u00b0C), neutral pH<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">A few hours to a few days<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Without enzymes, it decays quickly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">In the presence of RNase (natural enzyme)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Seconds to minutes<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNase is everywhere, destroying RNA quickly<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">High temperature (60\u201380\u00b0C)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Seconds to hours<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNA would have been easily destroyed by the heat of the early Earth<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Alkaline environment (pH &gt; 8)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Minutes to hours<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The backbone of RNA breaks down<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Acidic environment (pH &lt; 5)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Very fast<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Glycosidic bonds are broken.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Exposure to UV rays<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Immediate damage<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNA bases break or undergo chemical changes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The bottom\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">line<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Even if RNA were produced in the harsh environments of the prehistoric Earth (heat, UV light, acidic or alkaline conditions), it would have been destroyed very quickly. As a result, it is unlikely to survive for long.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">RNA replication (Self-replication) problem<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">The RNA World Hypothesis<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0suggests that RNA could make copies of itself, which was important for the beginning of life. But there are several problems with this idea:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Ability to copy itself<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Currently, scientists have not found any RNA molecule that\u00a0can copy itself\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">completely and accurately. Self -replication requires\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">enzymes<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">catalysts<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, which are unknown to exist in the prehistoric world.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Impossible without enzymes<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">It is extremely difficult, almost impossible, to replicate RNA without enzymes or other helper molecules.<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0There was no natural process on the primitive Earth that could have helped with this task.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: The ability of RNA to self-replicate is only possible in theory, in practice it is very questionable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Even if RNA were created, it would have been nearly impossible to survive in the harsh environment of the prehistoric world. RNA would have been quickly destroyed by heat, light, or chemicals. In addition, RNA could not make copies of itself without the enzymes or catalysts necessary for self-replication. For this reason,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">the RNA World Hypothesis<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, which considers RNA to be the first molecule of life, faces many scientific questions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">In short, while the RNA world hypothesis is a strong theory for the origin of life, it has not yet been fully proven due to its chemical complexity, instability, and other limitations. Scientists are continuing to work to resolve these issues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Reference<\/span>: <a href=\"https:\/\/biologydirect.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1745-6150-7-23#:~:text=The%20discovery%20that%20RNA%20possesses%20catalytic%20ability,been%20both%20the%20chicken%20and%20the%20egg!\"><strong data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1247\">Bernhardt, H. S. (2012). <\/strong><em data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1354\">The RNA world hypothesis: the worst theory of the early evolution of life (except for all the others).<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Many more problems<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Bonding\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">problem\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">:<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0It is not possible to naturally join RNA nucleotides into long chains in water, because water destroys these bonds (causes hydrolysis).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83e\uddea\u00a0<strong><span dir=\"auto\">2.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Homochirality\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">problem<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Just as humans have a right and left hand, chemicals also have a right and left hand. This is called\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">homochirality. Sugars<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0have right-handed sugars and left-handed sugars. Research has shown that\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">only D-ribose<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0is needed to form RNA. If both D and L types of ribose are present: RNA chains are not formed correctly. Base pairing and structure are lost. Many ribozymes cannot function. Effective RNA is not produced from racemic mixtures \u2014\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">homochirality<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0is necessary. The question is, there was no machine on the primitive earth to separate these sugars, so how did the sugars separate?<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Similarly,\u00a0<strong>there are right-handed and left-handed\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">amino acids<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, but natural proteins are made up of\u00a0only\u00a0<strong>L-amino acids .<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">(the sugar used in RNA) and\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">amino acids<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0both have two types of\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">chirality<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">D-form<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(right-handed)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">L-shape<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(left-handed)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83e\uddec<span dir=\"auto\">RNA and DNA only\u00a0use\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">D-ribose .<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u26a0\ufe0f<span dir=\"auto\">But so far, no\u00a0<strong>effective homochirality\u00a0<\/strong><strong>mechanism\u00a0<\/strong><strong>for\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">D-ribose\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">has<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0been conclusively demonstrated in any natural environment.\u00a0Without\u00a0<strong>homochirality , effective RNA formation is not possible. And without RNA\u00a0<\/strong><strong>, the RNA World Hypothesis<\/strong>\u00a0(a popular theory of the origin of life) does not work.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">There is no geological or fossil evidence.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">There is no direct fossil evidence<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0for RNA World\u00a0\u2014no ancient RNA-based life has been found. All living things today use DNA and proteins; RNA-based life is just a hypothesis.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">Moreover, laboratory experiments that attempt to prove the RNA World Hypothesis\u00a0use various\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">pure chemicals that are not found in nature. These reactions do not occur without\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\">human intervention<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0and a controlled environment, which contradicts the idea of \u200b\u200bnatural or spontaneous origin of life.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">From the above long discussion, we can see how complicated it is for RNA particles to arise naturally on Earth, yet modern scientists generally agree that for life to begin, at least RNA particles must first arise and from there, other components of the cell may arise in stages. They are continuing this effort by spending billions of dollars in modern laboratories. But no real success has been achieved. Several scientists who have been researching Abiogenesis for a long time have acknowledged this issue, notable among them are\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r4sP1E1Jd_Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Professor James Tour<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, Nobel laureate scientist from Harvard University &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9fSh6uWrNMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Jack Szostak<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bSjIDStlZg8&amp;t=3733s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">John Sutherland<\/span><\/a><\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0from Cambridge University and many others.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FdR-ZmdFOcg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Professor James Tour has actually challenged other scientists that no one can prove the process of Abiogenesis.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The videos below will help readers understand this topic in depth:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FdR-ZmdFOcg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Origin of life Challenge RESULTS.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLILWudw_84t2THBvJZFyuLA0qvxwrIBDr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">Addressing abiogenesis.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r4sP1E1Jd_Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">The origin of life has never been explained.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\ud83d\udcda<span dir=\"auto\">Scientific formula<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Reference:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Benner, SA, Kim, H.-J., &amp; Yang, Z. (2010).<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201cSetting the Stage: The History, Chemistry, and Geobiology Behind RNA.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(10): a003541.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a003541<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Li &amp; Breaker (1999)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u201cRNA degradation kinetics\u201d<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u2014 RNA rapidly degrades in alkaline conditions, breaking down within minutes.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83d\udcd6<span dir=\"auto\">Reference: Li, Y., &amp; Breaker, RR (1999).\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Kinetics of RNA degradation by specific base catalysis of transesterification involving the 2\u2032-hydroxyl group.<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Chemistry &amp; Biology, 6(10), 793\u2013803.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Powner et al. (2009, Nature)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: Certain ribonucleotide components can be synthesized under prebiotic conditions, but the assembly of these into full RNA strands remains unresolved.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83d\udcd6<span dir=\"auto\">Reference: Powner, MW, Gerland, B., &amp; Sutherland, JD (2009).\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions.<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0Nature, 459(7244), 239\u2013242.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Joyce &amp; Orgel (1993)<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: From a prebiotic chemist&#8217;s perspective, the formation of RNA is described as a \u201cprebiotic chemist&#8217;s nightmare.\u201d<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\ud83d\udcd6<span dir=\"auto\">Reference: Joyce, GF, &amp; Orgel, LE (1993).\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Prospects for understanding the origin of the RNA world.<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0In The RNA World (eds. Gesteland, RF &amp; Atkins, JF), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/10\/8\/125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span dir=\"auto\">The Messy Alkaline Formose Reaction and Its Link to Metabolism<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"post-views content-post post-2400 entry-meta load-static\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<footer class=\"entry-meta\"><\/footer>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"navigation post-navigation\" aria-label=\"Posts\"><\/nav>\n<div id=\"comments\" class=\"comments-area\">\n<div class=\"comment-body\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"respond\" class=\"comment-respond\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to the Holy Quran, the human race originated from Adam and Eve. But according to the theory of evolution, the human race gradually evolved from a primitive common ancestor through gradual changes, not from Adam and Eve. However, the Quran clearly states: Surah\u00a0An-\u00a0Nisa (\u00a04:\u00a01) \u201c\u00a0O\u00a0mankind\u00a0!\u00a0Fear\u00a0your\u00a0Lord\u00a0,\u00a0who\u00a0created\u00a0you\u00a0from\u00a0a single\u00a0soul (\u00a0Adam)\u00a0and\u00a0from\u00a0it\u00a0created\u00a0its\u00a0mate (\u00a0Eve)\u00a0,\u00a0and\u00a0from\u00a0both\u00a0of them\u00a0spread out\u00a0many\u00a0men\u00a0and\u00a0women\u00a0\u2026\u201d Darwin&#8217;s theory In 1859, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,34],"tags":[35],"class_list":["post-1387","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medical-science","category-theory-of-evolution","tag-theory-of-evolution"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1387"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1396,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1387\/revisions\/1396"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quranmiraclescience.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}